Author(s) Undertaking / Declaration

• Author(s) is/are hereby required that the manuscript under submission is solely based on their original work and must not be submitted to any other Journal or Publisher for publication in any form.
• Author(s) must declare that they have carefully gone through the Journal of European Studies (JES) Author's Guidelinesand HEC Ethical Policy before the submission of their article for JES.
• The authors are requested to submit their signed undertaking with the article that they have gone through the guidelines of JES and HEC Ethical Policy.